The very last requirement of the IB Economics syllabus states that you are expected to evaluate/examine "progress toward meeting selected Sustainable Development Goals in the context of two or more countries".
Basically, a test (likely a paper 2 or 3 as country data is provided) might give you information about two countries, and you will have to analyze how they are working towards the SDGs.
Things to keep in mind:
Many of the SDGs are quite vague, with subjective goals instead of number targets
Almost all SDGs are very hard to achieve. Their due date is 2030, and goals like "no poverty" are virtually impossible to fulfill by then.
Many countries and companies will claim they are working towards a goal, but it may either be far-fetched, or a goal just conveniently fits what they are doing
However, there has been progress towards the goals. Life expectancy and gender equality, for example, have improved since the SDGs were put in place.
As a refresher, here are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals again:
You can read more about them on https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
And that's it! You have finished IB Economics! Congratulations!